By Sara Ketabi

The challenges of achieving sustainable development in conflict-ridden regions demand an integrated approach that not only addresses immediate humanitarian needs but also reinforces the foundational pillars of human rights. As the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights, human rights play a critical role in fostering inclusive, accountable, and engaged economies and societies. Through the lens of human rights, sustainability can be seen as not merely a technical or environmental challenge but a moral imperative to ensure that all individuals, especially in developing countries, are empowered to enjoy economic, social, cultural, and political rights.

This article explores how human rights are integral to the sustainable development agenda, particularly in conflict zones, where the violation of fundamental rights impedes progress on the SDGs. Using Libya as a case study, the paper outlines how international cooperation can be leveraged to address both human rights violations and sustainability goals, highlighting the interplay between governance, foreign policy, and sustainable peacebuilding.

The role of human rights in sustainable development

Human rights and sustainable development are inextricably linked. The ability to achieve the SDGs, such as poverty eradication (SDG 1), quality education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), and access to clean water (SDG 6), relies heavily on the respect for basic human rights. According to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, states and private entities must ensure that their activities do not infringe upon the rights of individuals and communities. These principles underscore the need for a broader understanding of sustainability – one that encompasses not only the environment but also the social and economic rights of all people.

Human rights serve as the foundation for achieving many of the SDGs. For instance, the right to a clean and safe environment is essential for the realization of the SDGs related to environmental protection and health. Likewise, rights such as the freedom of speech and access to education underpin the goals of reducing inequalities and promoting social progress. The pursuit of sustainable development without recognizing the interdependence of human rights often leads to unsustainable outcomes, where marginalized communities – who contribute the least to environmental degradation – bear the brunt of the consequences.

The political economy of conflict and human rights violations in developing countries

In conflict-prone regions, the protection and promotion of human rights are often compromised due to instability, weak governance structures, and inadequate political will. Economic policies in many countries have exacerbated social inequalities, curtailing social protections and concentrating wealth and power in the hands of a few. This has led to a vicious cycle where economic growth is unsustainable and disproportionately impacts the poorest and most vulnerable groups, thereby undermining efforts to achieve the SDGs.

Countries affected by conflict, such as Libya, face significant challenges in pursuing sustainable development. In Libya, prolonged civil war has destroyed vital infrastructure, limiting access to essential services like health care, education, and electricity. At the same time, human rights violations, such as the suppression of freedom of expression and violence against women and children, further undermine the prospects for peacebuilding and development. The international community has a critical role to play in addressing these challenges through diplomatic intervention and support for governance reforms.

The case of Libya: A microcosm of human rights and sustainability challenges

Libya, a country torn apart by civil war and factional conflict, offers a stark example of the intersection of human rights violations and sustainable development. The Government of National Unity is locked in a battle with the Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF), each controlling different territories and resources, while civilians face the brunt of the violence and instability. The destruction of infrastructure, along with the abduction and torture of individuals by armed groups, exacerbates an already dire situation.

In such environments, achieving the SDGs becomes an insurmountable task, as issues like access to education, health care, and justice are sidelined. Women, children, refugees, and migrants face heightened risks of sexual violence, exploitation, and discrimination, while the country’s governance structure remains fractured. The lack of political will and the erosion of the rule of law make it difficult for the government or international actors to implement policies that promote sustainable growth.

The role of international cooperation and foreign policy in advancing human rights and sustainability

International cooperation is crucial to address the challenges of conflict and human rights violations in Libya. Diplomatic efforts must focus on creating political consensus among conflicting parties and aligning foreign policy objectives with the SDGs. For instance, the international community, through multilateral organizations such as the UN, can provide both humanitarian assistance and support for the establishment of governance structures that prioritize human rights and sustainability.

One proposed solution is international institutions facilitating dialogue between the Libyan government and the LAAF. These negotiations should focus on developing a shared commitment to human rights and sustainable development, emphasizing the need for both parties to recognize the mutual benefits of stability, governance, and the protection of citizens’ rights. Additionally, international law and customary law – such as the prohibition against torture and forced displacement – should guide the international community’s response to human rights violations.

Furthermore, the private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play an essential role in advancing sustainability in conflict zones. Corporate actors, through the principles of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) sustainability, must ensure that their operations do not exacerbate human rights abuses or environmental degradation. As the global community increasingly prioritizes sustainable development, corporations must be held accountable for their role in shaping political and economic landscapes in conflict regions.

A path forward for achieving sustainable development in conflict zones

Achieving sustainable development in conflict-ridden areas like Libya requires a holistic approach that integrates human rights with environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The international community must recognize the profound impact that human rights violations have on the prospects for sustainable development and work collectively to address these challenges. By aligning foreign policy strategies with the SDGs and ensuring that human rights are at the forefront of development efforts, peacebuilding can be pursued in tandem with long-term sustainability goals.

Ultimately, the responsibility for advancing sustainable development in conflict zones lies not only with governments but also with international organizations, the private sector, and civil society. By fostering inclusive, accountable governance, supporting diplomatic efforts to resolve conflicts, and ensuring the protection of human rights, the global community can work towards achieving the 2030 Agenda while leaving no one behind.

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Sara Ketabi is Founder and Executive Director at CollatEd Lab, Policy Advisor with the Government of Libya, and former member of the National Council at UNICEF USA.